Working Mother Base On Attachment Theory

Working Mother Base On Attachment Theory There are increasing number of women continue their careers after given birth to their childs. They are regarded as working mothers, whom are facing many difficulties to keep balance between the work and the family. This phenomenon led to many studies about the effect of maternal employment base on a secure mother-infant attachment.This paper raise the question: many mothers are often confronted with the dilemma of choosing between their jobs or careers, and their children, whether they should come back to work after post partum. The attachment theory in this paper was found by John Bowlby, whom emphasized the importance of mothers attention and care on the infant. He argued that there was a long time last influence on the infant future life. There are also contemporary reasearches suggested that maternal employment have benefits on the family and the infant. The paper analyze the deveopment of mother-infant attachment theories and current studies, to evaluate the positive and negati ve effect to the infant of working mother. Infant-mother attachment Attachment theory was formulated by psychiatrist and psychoanalyst John Bowlby. It is a psychological, evolutionary, and ethological theory concerning relationships between humans pointed out that a young child needs to develop a relationship with at least one primary caregiver for social and emotional development to occur normally . According to his study of attachment theory, infant behaviour associated with attachment is primarily the seeking of proximity to an attachment figure, moreover, secure base and safe haven are the features and function of attachment relationships. Infants become attached to adults who are sensitive and responsive in social interactions with them. Many experts agree that the mother-child attachment bond is the term for our first interactive love relationship-the one we had with our primary caregivers, our mothers. The mother-child attachment bond shapes infants brains, profoundly influencing their self-esteem, their expectations of others, and their ability to attract and maintain successful relationships . Nowadays studies also support that during the early development, the infant-mother interaction and the early social experiences may produce long-lasting changes in the brain of the infant with profound behavioral and emotional effects throughout the whole life . The infant behaviors that have been implicated as resulting from this theoretically compromised mother infant relationship have included slight, transient effects on sociability and affective sharing to results suggesting significant increases in irritability, cognitive delays, behavioral problems, and difficulties with attachment among others . Overall, following attachment theory, the early connection developed between a primary child care provider and an infant is essential for development. Lacking of experience make it difficult for them to handle the issue about this new member and family transition, especially for the first-time parenthood. The success or failure of the attachment bond has a life-long effect in a persons life. Maternal employment and infant attachment Whether and how about the mothers working status affect the infant was a topic of great interest in the 1980s. In the context of mothers increased participation in paid work, attention has also turned to the impact of maternal employment and the use of nonmaternal child care as additional factors likely to affect maternal caregiving and the developing attachment relationship. Many scientists, politicians, and parents were worried about the children, especially infant, would suffer if others but not the moter cared for them most of the time , others argued that such worries were based on oppressive sexist prejudices not data . So debates started, positive or negative influence on the attachment of mother and infant, whether working mothers is taking the responsibility of the infant or not. Why do mothers go to work Why mothers go to work; in Hong Kong society, women go to work for more personal and social reasons than for financial reasons. In traditional society, mothers are performing stereotyped roles as be responsible for the household, such as doing housework, preparing dinner, caring of the children and husband. Now in modern society, women are no longer restricted by the traditional mother and wife role. For the economical reason, they want to make more benefits to the family and gain more independence in economic position. For the education standard, women who achieved high educational qualification, want to apply their knowledge to the work and pursue a successful career, and they are needed by the society. For the changing social norms, women are achieving more equalities in work, morevoer, they are not acted as bad moms when they go to work and pay less attention on the children. The whole society tend to accept working mothers. Though several reasons and conditions mentioned above seem to allow mothers to join the workforce, still many of them face with a dilemma regarding their career and family . Still so many mother feel struggling in the situation of whether to work or not. Negative aspect of working mothers According to the above attachment theories, it is easy to acknowledget the harm that would do to the infant lack of attachment. It is to say that negative influences on the development of secure attachment, or even potentially damaging . Fail to provide the child with sufficient structure, recognition, understanding, safety, and mutual accord may lead to become physically and emotionally distant in relationships in later relationship, remain insecure, become disorganized, aggressive and angry, and develop slowly. . A working mother is tend to create an insecure and inconsistent attachment. Stifter, Coulehan, and Fish , found no significant connections between work status and attachment security, but did caught the public attention of the consideration and inclusion of other variables such as maternal separation anxiety and maternal sensitivity. Specially the research did find that infants of mothers who were employed but reported high work-related separation anxiety were more likely to develop anxious-avoidant attachments. And then, a finding suggested that employed mother were less invested in parenthood and had high level of anxiety , implied high anxiety would get in the way of taking good care of the infant. A baby is supposed to grow up to be loving, well adjusted individual. A full-time employed mother would have missed out on being there and watching the baby from up close. These are important formative period, as a mothers instinct, want to be around to strengthen the attachment bond between mother and infant. The effects of maternal employment of secure mother-infant attachment relationship to be negative of majority according to those researches. These evidences support the hypothesis that working mothers increase the risk of some undesirable outcomes, espacilly in the babys first year. Positive aspect of working mothers Do maternal employment have an adverse effect on the children? The answer may be no. In fact, mothers with careers have a positive impact on children, as they serve as good role models. A study in Australia found no relation between maternal employment and infant attachment. In the early study, Bowlby insisted that separation from the mother should be kept to a minimum . However, in the further study, he developed his statement as a subsidiary attachment figure can meet an infants needs adequately in the primary figures absence . In another words, mother was not the only attachment bond to the baby and this finding gave the mother an opportunity to take a breath during the overwhelming duties. She did not need to take the only responsibility to the feedback towards the infant. Later, some scholars emphasized quality but not quantity of the attachment. Too much and too sensative responds to the baby may triggered a spoiling parental style. Prior to an infants self-regulation of external stimuli, parents are responsible . Parents have to learn the difference between too much and too little responds for managing the infant inattentiveness and excessive stimulation. Providing the appropriate amount of feedback for the baby is conducting a healthy attachment bond. I was impressed by a professorss saying that many parents feel very selfish and cruel in leaving their crying young child for the absence time. However, it is not only a beneficial opportunity for her parents, it is also an important lesson in trust for her that you will always be clear about when you are leaving, you will always provide a caring protector while you are gone, and, best of all, you always return to love and protect her . Parents should be comforted that, properly leaving but not always stick to the baby is also buliding a trustful relationship. For the further concern of the baby, Such working mothers tend to emphasise education, and also manage to spend quality time with their children. Talking about the dual income, the standard of living is higher, children get access to better quality education and extra-curricular activities. Acadamic statistic demonstrated this fact: secure parental employment lowers the incidence of poverty and the associated risks to children . The increase in the percentage of children living with a working parent is welcome news, said Duane Alexander, M.D., Director of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development of the National Institutes of Health. Secure parental employment helps to reduce the psychological toll on families, brought on by parental unemployment and underemployment.Secure parental employment may also enhance childrens psychological well-being and improve family functioning by reducing stress and other negative effects that unemployment and underemployment can have on parents. Conclusion As we can see, there are pros and cons about maternal employmet. So we still have to deal with this dilemma and make our own decision. I think there are no right or wrong answers in this case. Whether you want to get back to work from the day you stop nursing your child, or whether you want to be a homemaker your entire life is entirely up to you. Some women find joy in the workplace, while others find it at home. In some conditions, women can handle both children and work well though it is a hard task. Maybe having one does not require sacrificing the other.

The Scarlet Ibis :: essays research papers

James Hurst's short story, "The Scarlet Ibis" reveals that the brotherly bond between the narrator and Doodle is an essential component in the story. If Doodle was a girl, the brotherly connection and bond would be lost, resulting in many variations throughout the story. If Doodle was a girl the narrator probably wouldn't spend as much time with Doodle. A brother-brother relationship is very different than a brother-sister relationship. Doodle would likely be closer to another female such as her mother. Young girls tend to spend more time indoors with their mothers learning to sew, playing with dolls and other girl things. Its not that a brother-sister relationship is non-existent, but its a lot different. With Doodle spending more time inside, "she" wouldn't ever experience summers down by the swamp learning to run, box and climb trees. All of those things are things that little boys do. Brothers spend more time outside running, wrestling and playing sports. They enjoy doing things that take physical skill. Even if Doodle went outside, she probably wouldn't be interested in running through the forest and climbing trees. Chances are that she would be more into picking wildflowers and feeding the squirrels. There are rare occasions where you will find a real special brother-sister relationship, especially at the age Doodle and his brother were at. Younger children often play with other kids of the same gender and thinks the opposite sex has "kuddies." The two children would be at a vulnerable age to risk a close relationship. Close brother and sister relationships don't usually evolve until the mid teenage years. For example I have two older sisters that I am very close with now, but when I was young I didn't want anything to with them. So I began to develop a close relationship with my dad at a young age. That is why I believe that if Doodle was a girl, she would have been connected closer with her mother because of the gender relation. Not as much is expected physically from a girl, therefore I believe Doodle would be handicapped the rest of "her" life.

Leadership Assessment

Leadership Assessment Leadership is defined as the process of influencing others to understand and agree about what needs to be done and how to do it, in order to accomplish what you set out to do. People often assume that anyone in a management position is a leader but I find that statement to be false. To be considered a leader, you must have very strong beliefs, and to work hard at your goal and stay focused. A Chief Executive Officer (CEO) is the highest ranked executive manager in a corporation and in my opinion one of the most important.A CEO can range from being the founder of a company, the owner of a business, or they have a great significance within the corporation. A CEO’s responsibility can vary depending on how involved he or she is within the corporation. Although there are many tasks at hand in which a CEO bears, such roles can include significant responsibility, accountability, and authority within the organization. CEO is also response for making sure that the vision, mission and overall direction is being followed through properly.Demonstrating these roles is vital to make sure that the organization’s mission is successful. At my previous employer, I worked for a company call Florida Light and Power (FPL) and although I only met our CEO on a few occasion his name was Armando J. Olivera, and his leadership style impacted me greatly. Mr. Olivera’s leadership style was charismatic style and he did it very well. He was always known as a person who had such an enthusiasm attitude and was always positive minded. Mr. Olivera always wanted to give back to people and teach people something new (Salisbury, 2011).His attitude made me want to come to work each day. Mr. Olivera started with the company with back in 1972 as an engineer trainee and became the CEO back in 2003. The CEO would always adhere to the standards and rules and he really set an example of how he expected his employees to act. He always projected himself in a busin esslike manner, and conformed to the rules. He was never the type of person to leave early just because he was the CEO or to take holidays off while the rest of the employees worked.He personally impacted me in a positive manner when I first started. The training period is an intention training that involves several classes that included videos to watch, and during those videos Mr. Olivera was actually in the videos speaking and explaining his vision and what he expects and his story of how he started out. The story really made me look at the company differently and because Mr. Olivera was all about how to make the customer happy and the great lengths that he would endear to make sure that that happened.In order to ensure that FPL employees were always on the right path the CEO would produce training videos for team development that displayed such qualities like integrity, drive, consideration, and self confidence. The CEO always made sure that his expectation was made to be clear a nd the vision and mission statements were followed through properly. FPL vision statement states as followed â€Å"we will be the preferred provider of safe, reliable, cost-effective products and services that satisfy the electricity related needs of all our customer segments† (â€Å"Fpls commitment to,†).Divisional structure was the type of organization structure at FPL. Since FPL was such a large company with over 10,000 employees in the state of Florida, we operated in a wide geographic area and targeted difference areas with difference specialized groups. This was a huge advantage to our company because it helps meet more rapid demands and is able to handle a larger division. This also helped the company move into other forms of energy sources that they could provide to customers. Within the organizational structure at FPL there are levels of hierarchy that distribute the responsibility within the organization.Divisional structure at FPL allows common culture to bu ild and contribute to a higher and better knowledge of the company and its services. (Gillikin) Ethical conduct refers to an organizations moral standards concerning the action of individual members and also the decisions of the organization as a whole. At FPL the CEO has placed this responsibility on to Human Resources to ensure that all employees were following the code of conduct and conducting themselves in the upmost professional manner; no employees including the CEO were exempted from this.As their ethical practices have become an economical benefit for the company, it also prevents disrespectful behavior, bullying between coworkers, prevention between personal phone calls at the companies expense, improper use of company equipment, and excessive sick days etc. The code of ethical conduct has greatly effected the way business is properly conducted. FPL strives to not only do the legal thing but the ethical thing as well in order to ensure our customers with satisfactorily ser vice.FPL has a public image to obtain as they are the largest energy provider in the state of Florida. Also unethical business can not only hurt a companies reputation, but it can prevent prospective employees from choosing to work for FPL. (Vossos) There are many ways to motivate employees, and may different techniques that seem to work better than others. First off the most motivating thing in the work place is money, so offering employees bonuses for reaching a mark or being the leader in sales with a nice bonus will encourage all the employees to work harder and better for the extra money.Many large companies do this to motivate such as google and Microsoft use this technique. Another way to motivate is offer extra time off or paid time off for the employee that has preformed the best for each quarter. The third way to motivate employees would to add some perks for them while they are at work such as child daycare or pay for any food they might want or have free drink machines. These are just a few ways to make the work space more enjoyable and move appealing for employees.The Hawthorne studies in the early nineteenth century examined and studied how managers can motivate employees to work more efficiently, with quality work at the maximum rate of return. One of the areas of information derived from the Hawthorne studies was that something more than pay incentives was improving the employees’ output within work groups. Researchers found that there was improvement in the work due to the fact that employees felt important because someone was studying them at work.One of the concepts that leaders can derive from this historic discovery is that leaders must find ways to motivate and reward their employees besides the perceived rewards of being employed and having a pay incentive. (Cook) Companies today are faced with a host of issues, which may cripple their functionality, or in some extreme cases render the organizations obsolete. For example Kodak onc e a leader and innovator in the photo industry but they fell behind and had to file for bankruptcy.These challenges are dependent on the nature of operations of the company, these challenges face a large amount of different organizations. Technological advancements today are on the increase more than in the previous century. Technology changing creates a problem for businesses because when technology changes the company has to stay up to date with the technology so they would have to teach all there employees how to run the new programs and buying the new technology can be very costly.Another problem companies face generational gaps have created a difficulty in determining consumer behaviors, yet most companies are investing heavily in customer behavior analysis to determine the most appropriate way of matching a customers’ needs. Once again times change and so do customers taste and opinions change and businesses need to stay current with the changes if not they will end up like Kodak. A problem that we can all relate to as of lately is unstable economies and currencies are another factor causing constant instability in the running of corporations.Though this has of late been caused by other external factors such as exchange rates, amount of exports and imports and political factors. There has been a relatively high incidence of economic instability in the recent past. The national economies are recovering from a global economic meltdown today, most organizations have been negatively affected by the meltdown leading to massive layoffs. There are many more challenges that many companies and leaders encounter when managing.Diversity can help organizations compete in global markets by having a plan of other ventures that will bring new technology or and item to the market when a company has more than one option to make money successfully will make the chances of that company higher for them to succeed. or example lets look at Fuji film they diversified th ere company by making lcd screens and medical companies just to name a few things fuji film did to keep there companies head above water.An effective business strategy to address these challenges such as the change in technologies, generation gap, and unstable economies. The first step would be to build a good tech team that can stay on top of the technology an help keep the companies technology up to date. Then the generation gap a company hat has developed great ways to bring in new generations would be google they have done a many things to keep young talented employees to continue to come work for them for a few reasons they build a different environment that draws the new generation in.They also make the work environment more relaxing and stress free. A good way for a company to tackle this issue would be to listen to younger employees ideas and add some relaxing eliminates such as a gym, swimming pool or shona which employees could relieve stress before or after work. Then pre pare for the unstable economies there is a few things that can help with this first being diversifying the companies assets look into other business ventures easier said then dont also expand the company into different economies. A company that has multiple, unrelated businesses.Unrelated businesses are those which require unique management expertise, have different end customers and produce different products or provide different services. One of the benefits  of being a diversified company  is that it buffers a company from dramatic fluctuations in any one industry sector. However, this model  is  also less likely to enable stockholders to realize significant gains or losses because it is not singularly focused on one business. Reference Cook, J. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://thinkingleader. hubpages. om/hub/How-Google-Motivates-their-Employees-with-Rewards-and-Perks FPL’s commitment to quality. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. fpl. com/about/quality/fpls_comm itment_to_quality. shtml (â€Å"Fpls commitment to,† ) Salisbury, S. (2011, December 19). Fpl's ceo to retire after 40 years; successor named. The palm beach post. (Salisbury, 2011) Gillikin, J. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://smallbusiness. chron. com/advantages-disadvantages-divisional-organizational-structure-611. html (Gillikin) Vossos, T. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. ehow. com/info_8660312_ethical-conduct-within-organization. html (Vossos)

The Ethical Issues Of Healthcare - 1851 Words

Ethical Issues in Healthcare Part One (1.1) In the healthcare profession various dilemmas can be encountered, sometimes everyday that put a professional in a position where they must make certain choices that can be classified as difficult or complicated depending on the individual or the situation. In the nursing profession not only do they have to consider the welfare of the patients but they also have to regard their wishes, which may create a conflict of interests in regards to promotion of well-being which would lead to the importance of informed consent. Respect for a person s autonomy as well as respect for the individual are essential requirements; however so is promoting public interest. Ethics is determined as making valued judgements to the means or end of care in order to ‘be a good nurse’. Furthermore code of conducts within nursing are based around principle ethics as well as medical ethics and states the rules the professional must abide by. It has involved or created various debates or complex issues that can be frequently argued; for example, euthanasia and whether is should be legalised in the United Kingdom, as it is in other countries. (Berridge, P. et al Liddle, C. 2010 p29-42). Two theories into ethics and how actions can be justified are known as deontological and utilitarian (also consequential) approaches. These two theories look at situations from different perspectives. Deontology is a moral theory that coincides with moral laws and commonShow MoreRelatedEthical Issues Of The Healthcare Essay756 Words   |  4 PagesEthical Systems in Healthcare Ethical Issues in Healthcare â€Å"If you don’t have integrity, you have nothing. You can’t buy it. You can have all the money in the world, but if you are not a moral and ethical person, you really have nothing†. –Henry Kravis - The American healthcare system delivers some of the finest care in the world. However, despite the high level of achievement delivered from the American healthcare system, it is afflicted with problems. Ethical issues that occur in the healthcareRead MoreEthical Issues in Healthcare1205 Words   |  5 PagesEthics Issues in Healthcare Technological and scientific advancement have become areas of great exponential change in the last century. The reverberations of this change is seen throughout nearly all aspects of human life from social evolution to the dynamics of education. Perhaps the most relevant alterations to humanity overall has been seen in areas concerning health, and our biological lives as humans in modernized cultures. The advancements in technology and science have directly translatedRead MoreEthical And Ethical Issues Of The Healthcare Professionals767 Words   |  4 Pagesto be confronted with ethical and legal issues in their daily practice. In order to protect the legal and ethical rights of the patient the health care professional must be knowledgeable about ethical principles (Guido, 2014). Ethics involves the principles or assumptions underpinning the way individuals or group ought to conduct themselves; ethics is concerned with motives and attitudes and the relationship of these attitudes to the individual (Guido, 2014). The healthcare professionals shouldRead MoreEthical Issues in Healthcare716 Words   |  3 PagesEthical Issue Facing Health Care: Electronic Patient Records One of the main ethical issues that faces health care is the security of patient information. This information is protected by laws and regulations such as HIPPA, but there are still concerns Scott, et al, 2005). Among those concerns is the new concept of electronic patient records and information. 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Drug shortages will be a prevailing issue unless we canRead MoreEthical Issues Of The Healthcare System1159 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract The healthcare system is faced with many ethical dilemmas on a daily basis. There are basic principles in health care that every health care worker should practice to ensure safety and to protect the rights of others. This begins with confidentiality. Providing patient privacy and confidentiality are essential to promoting a bond between patients and his or her practitioners as well as preserving the patient’s dignity (Edge Grove, 2007). Under some circumstances, patient’s personal informationRead MoreThe Ethical Issue Within Healthcare2077 Words   |  9 PagesReproductive Ethics – Terminations Terminations have always been an ethical issue within healthcare as a lot of people feel that it is morally wrong to end a life and feel that terminating a pregnancy is morally wrong euthanasia of a child. However, there are lots of reasons why a woman would want to terminate, such as rape or unplanned pregnancy. This essay will look at the ethical issues from both sides of the argument as well as how this topic is linked to legislation within the UK. The EqualityRead MoreThe Ethical Issues of Healthcare Industry2043 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿Ethics is knowing the difference between what you have a right to do and what is right to do. Ethics and its subsequent practice have been a very contentious issue in American society of late. Our current economic resulted almost entirely of excessive greed and unethical actions of key financial institutions. As a result of their lack of integrity, the entire world economy has subsequently suffered in a very severe manner. Many have lost their homes; even more have lost their retirement savings

Gender Is Essential Dependent On Norms And Behavioral...

Gender is often characterized by masculine and feminine behaviors. Socially, such characteristics can be accepted however, when these characteristics violate the societal norms, is often rejected (Mallon). To start off, an individual may characterize gender via internal feelings of whether he or she is a male, female, or neither. Gender is essential dependent on norms and behavioral expectations. Knowing these expectations and norms, an individual is essentially able to portray and adopt into the gender role they best identify as (Mallon). According to Schrock et al., â€Å"sociologists appear to be coming to terms with how people ‘embody gender,’ which refers not only to how people use or mold the body to signify gender but also to how such†¦show more content†¦In Schrock et al. study, it showed that transgender used their body as a â€Å"resource for constructing the gender category of woman† and â€Å"enable/ limit how they can be culturally perceive d.† Overall, the study’s analysis suggests that there is a symbolized method to gender, which understands the body as socially constructed, subjectively experienced, and physically material (Schrock et al). The National Center for Transgender Equality and the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force accounted the housing discrimination and instability for transgender in Pennsylvania. The survey respondents experienced blatant housing discrimination, as well as housing instability, much of which appears to stem from the challenges they face in employment (Task Force and Transgender Equality). These data suggested: 10% were evicted, 15% were denied a home/apartment, 11% had become homeless because of their gender identity/expression, 25% had to find temporary space to stay/sleep, 25% had to move back in with family or friends and 36% reported owning their home compared to 67% of the general U.S. population (Task Force and Transgender Equality). The survey on harassment and dis crimination at school was also done. Those who expressed transgender identity or gender non-conformity while in grades K-12 reported alarming rates of harassment (74%), physical assault (23%) and sexual violence (9%) (Task Force and

Air Force Essay - 741 Words

As I reach the end of my 20 year career with the United States Air Force, I have begun looking towards the next iteration of my career. Over my lengthy service, I have specialized in cybersecurity of network devices, end-point devices, and overarching policy. Currently, I am assigned as the Noncommissioned Officer in Charge (Director) of the Wing Cybersecurity Office. This position encompasses being the Subject Matter Expert (SME) for cyber security and compliance in support HQ AFGSC, HQ 8AF, 2d Bomb Wing and 34 associated tenant units. Leading 17 personnel focused on comprehensive information protection serving as one of two assigned Information System Security Managers (ISSM).Collaborating to ensure policy compliance to DoD policy,†¦show more content†¦Additionally, I hold Department of Defense certifications in IT Project Management, Cyber Ops, Management, Information System Security, Traditional Security, Host Based Security, and Inspections with a specialization in n uclear enterprise. In 2016, I was selected to serve on the RAND study on the kinetic effects of cyber-attacks on Industrial Control Systems (ICS) vulnerabilities. Taking this background, I intend to move forward and expand my existing base of expertise and dive head first in to the realm of wireless! In my last several roles, wireless connectivity has been the bleeding edge of both end user desires as well as security concerns. I have a keen interest particularly in distributed antenna systems or DAS. While most common with cellular network, they are making end roads in the enterprise and commercial WiFi arena. It is estimated that roughly 5% of commercial WiFi implementations use disturbed antenna systems. Given my background as a security professional, I not only see the benefits of indoor and outdoor distributed antenna systems. Not only from the power consumption perspective, but also from both the size and most importantly the ability to â€Å"right size/shape† the coverage area. This is especially true in multi-use office buildings and where terrain may be an obstacle. Obtaining this scholarship fromShow MoreRelatedAir Force Essay938 Words   |  4 Pages My Path to The United States Air Force I always wanted to go into the military as a little kid. Now, actually being at the age of what I need to decide on what I’m going to do for my future is a little harder than I thought it was going to be. I have chose to do my project on The United States Air Force. It has always intrigued me to join the military because of my grandfather. He was in the Air Force and always told me stories about when he was in the service. I really wasn’t sure aboutRead More The Army and the Air Force Essay1495 Words   |  6 PagesThe Army and the Air Force have many similarities and differences, some of the similarities are the troop’s dedication, diversity, and patriotism, and some of the differences are the way each branch trains, their respective customs, and quality life. As a Soldier in the Army, with many friends in the Air Force, it is easy for me to see the many similarities and differences between the two military branches. Both the Army and Air Force have troops who are dedicated to both the work they do forRead MoreMy Role in the Air Force Essay939 Words   |  4 PagesIn this essay, I will discuss my role in the Air Force. As background, I will discuss how my values led me to select the Air Force as a career choice. In addition, I will highlight my personally significant Air Force experiences/assignments to date. Finally, I will cover what I see as my contribution to the Air Force at the â€Å"micro† and â€Å"macro† levels. Starting in high school, I liked many of the aspects the military had to offer. One thing that really drew me to the military was equality.Read MoreEssay on My Air Force Experience 1050 Words   |  5 PagesI’m a prior enlisted officer with many years in the service. My long Air Force career and current leadership characteristics have been molded by incidents in my life and career. These incidents include my grandfather’s influence, significant events in my Air Force career, and my contributions to Air Force and national intelligence objectives in my current job. These three things are the leading factors that have made me the leader I am today. 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Restriction Imposed on Dual Citizens †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Restriction Imposed on Dual Citizens. Answer: Introduction: According to section 44(i) of the constitution of Australia it can be stated that any person who holds a dual citizenship is not entitled to be become a member of the Australian parliament (Legislation.gov.au. 2018). This section had been introduced in the constitution to ensure that that those who are in charge of governing the country must have undivided loyalty to the country and must be free from any influence or allegiance to foreign power. This section clearly states that any person who acknowledges adherence , obedience to any foreign power, or is entitled to the rights and privileges by virtue of being a citizen of a foreign country is barred from being chosen as an elected candidate to the house of representative. However this section of the constitution had been incorporated in the nineteenth century and was done so to avoid any conflict of interest that may be influenced by loyalty or allegiance to any foreign nation. However, at the time there had been no concept of Australian citizenship. Citizens of Australia had been divided into British citizens and aliens (www.abc.net.au 2018). However it can be mentioned that this section of the Australian Constitution has been perceived to be archaic by many as the provision of dual citizenship had not been coined at the time when the constitution was drafted. This issue had been discussed in the remarkable case Sykes v Cleary by the High court of Australia. The High court in relation to this case had stated that the assessment of whether an individual is a citizen of a foreign nation has to be determined by the laws of the nations, the concerned person is a citizen of. The second important point as discussed by the High court in relation to this cas e was that no Australian would be disqualified and barred from taking part in the election and would not be denied the right to be represented in the either o the houses of the parliament if such concerned person takes reasonable steps to give the citizenship of the foreign nation. In another landmark case Sue v Hill, the High court of Australia had expanded the effect of section 44(i) and adopted an interpretation of the words of foreign power to include the countries of commonwealth and the United Kingdom. However these cases have come up in recent times as there has been a significant increase in the number of people who hold a citizenship of foreign power than the time when the constitution of Australia had been framed. It can be stated that the exclusion clause which restricts the citizens who hold dual citizenships from taking part in the federal politics has been held to be problematic and controversial and has given rise to some issues as enumerated below: Whether persons who hold citizenship of more than one country should be barred from taking part in federal politics? Whether it is necessary for citizens to give up the citizenship of the other country to be elected in the House of Representatives? And if so what steps should be taken to denounce the membership of the other nation? The interpretation of the aforementioned section By the High court of Australia in the case Sykes v Cleary has shed light on three important issues: The first issue that the court highlighted in relation to interpretation of section 44(i) was the meaning and acknowledgement of the terms allegiance, obedience to foreign power. It has also been highlighted by the court that there is a need to provide a distinction between a subject and citizen. The second issue that the court encountered while interpreting the aforementioned section was the identification of the extent of a different nations citizenship among the Australian citizens The third issue that has been identified by the court is what steps to be taken by a person to denounce the citizenship of a foreign power should be considered to be reasonable. Thus after discussing the problems related to the interpretation of section 44(i) of the Australian constitution it can be said that the need to amend this provision has also been proposed by some of the members of the parliament. In my belief this can be termed as a constitutional crisis as it has affected both the minor and the major parties (Power and Power, 2018). This section can be said to be incoherent with the policy of multiculturalism. It can be stated that most of the residents of Australia have been born in abroad nations or have parents who were born in abroad nations and thus this principle can be said to be inapplicable. It has also been proposed by many this section of the constitution needs to be amended by following the referendum process as mentioned in section 128 of the constitution. Although on paper this provision aims to ensure that the persons who are elected to run the country have undivided loyalty to Australia and are free from any allegiance to any foreig n power, however it practicality it is implausible and inapplicable. The exclusion or restriction clause has adversely affected the smooth functioning of the parliament of Australia as most of the residents of the country have a multicultural lineage and a complex nature of Dual citizenship. This exclusion clause of the constitution can also be said to be inconsistent with the fundamental principle that a parliament of a country must be the representative of the people (www.economist.com 2018). Thus due to its inapplicability the aforementioned section of the constitution can be amended by the following the procedure of referendum as enshrined in petition 128 of the constitution (Legislation.gov.au. 2018).. The task of amending the constitution can be a complicated process; however since in this case the need to amend this provision is clearly apparent and inevitable it should not be such a complicated task. However, a sensible proposal to amend the constitution has to be devised by the members, which should have the criteria to make the task comparatively easy by ensuring that all the essential requirements of eligibility are met by the members who are in favor of amending the constitution. In order to amend the constitution the parliament must approve such proposal. After being approved such proposal must be sent to the governor general so that a writ can be issued and a referendum can occur. It can be mentioned that this provision of restricting or prohibiting a person, having dual citizenship from becoming a member of the parliament is also present in many countries other than Australia. India Indonesia and China some of the most populated countries of the world do not have the provision of dual citizenship at all. This means that a citizen of India, China or Vietnam cannot hold the membership of another country. Countries such as Egypt, Israel and Sri Lanka do not allow the persons who hold dual citizenship to become members of the parliament of the respective countries (www.economist.com 2018). The main principle behind this provision of restricting persons who have dual citizenships to take part in the politics of the country can be said to prevent loyalty and allegiance to foreign power. However, in the United States of America, any person who is not born on American soil cannot run for presidential election. During the election of Barrack Obama as the president of the United States, a lot of controversy had been raised. In Mexico not only immigrants have been barred from presidency, but also their children are barred from taking part in the election procedure. Mexicans who hold passports of other nations are barred from serving in the Police force, flying a ship or being appointed as a ships captain. In some other countries like Myanmar, a citizen who is married to a foreigner cannot be elected as a president. It is the reason why the daughter of Aung San, the independence hero, Aung San Suu Kyi had been barred from being elected as the president (www.economist.com 2018). She had to create the post of State counselor for the purpose of running the country. Thus in conclusion, it can be said that section 44(i) of the constitution of Australia prevents any person who holds the citizenship of another country to take part in the federal politics and be elected in the House of Representatives. This provision had been incorporated in the nineteenth century and was done so to avoid any conflict of interest that may be influenced by loyalty or allegiance to any foreign nation. However, this provision has also been discussed by the High Court in the case Sykes v Cleary and has been interpreted. The high court of Australia in relation to this provision has stated that it is important to assess the extent of another countrys citizenship on an Australian citizen. The high court has further stated that a person who is willing to take part in Federal politics and to be elected as a member of the parliament must take reasonable steps to renounce the citizenship of the other nation. However this provision has created a lot of controversy and has been perceived to be against the fundamental principle of multiculturalism of the nation. Australia is not the only country which prohibits individuals who have dual citizenships to take active part in politics. There are many other nations such as Egypt, Israel and Sri Lanka who follow Australias example. References ABC News. (2018).What is it about section 44 that keeps tripping up our politicians?. [online] Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-11-17/constitution-section-44-what-it-says-about-disqualification/9161180 [Accessed 6 Apr. 2018]. Aph.gov.au. (2018).Section 44 of the Constitution Parliament of Australia. [online] Available at: https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/Publications_Archive/archive/Section44 [Accessed 6 Apr. 2018]. Legislation.gov.au. (2018).Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act. [online] Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2013Q00005/ [Accessed 6 Apr. 2018]. Power, J. and Power, J. (2018).An outdated citizenship rule is bringing down Australias parliament. [online] Quartz. Available at: https://qz.com/1130468/australia-dual-citizenship-scandal-an-obscure-citizenship-requirement-is-bringing-down-australias-parliament/ [Accessed 6 Apr. 2018]. Sue v Hill - [1999] HCA 30 - 199 CLR 462; 73 ALJR 1016; 163 ALR .. The Economist. (2018).People with two nationalities should be feted, not mistrusted. [online] Available at: https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21726692-countries-bar-them-certain-jobs-should-think-again-people-two-nationalities-should [Accessed 6 Apr. 2018].